Real-time cartoon animation of smoke
Author(s): Haitao He, Duanqing Xu.
Article: Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds, Vol. 16, No. 3-4, pp. 441--449, September,
2005.
[BibTeX] 
Abstract:
In this paper, we present a practical framework to generate cartoon style animations of
smoke, which consists of two components: a smoke simulator and a rendering system. In the simulation stage, the smoke is modelled as a set of smoothed particles and the physical parameters such as velocity and force are defined on particles directly. The smoke is rendered in flicker-free cartoon style with two-tone shading and silhouettes. Both the simulation and rendering are intuitive and easy to implement. In the most moderate scale scene, an impressive cartoon animation is generated with about a thousand particles at real-time frame rate.