Real-Time Animated Stippling
Author(s): Oscar E. Meruvia Pastor, Bert Freudenberg, Thomas Strothotte.
Article: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 62-68,
2003.
[BibTeX] 
Abstract:
Stippling is an artistic rendering technique where
shading and texture is given by placing points or stipples on
the canvas until the desired darkness is achieved. Computergenerated
stippling has focused on producing high quality 2D
renditions for print media, while stippling of 3D models in
animations has received little attention. After describing current
advances in stippling for print media and real-time rendering, we
present an approach to produce animations of 3D models using
stippling as a rendering style. In our approach, we ensure frameto-
frame coherence as the model moves and shading changes
over time, by attaching stipple particles to the surface of the
model. We present a point hierarchy, used to control the stipple
density during rendering, and solutions for rendering animated
and static models using conventional and vertex-programmable
graphics hardware.